Galaxies and Explosions in Eternal Universe

Fil.kand. Olli Santavuori

23.3.2020-27.4.2020

Content:

Sources and thanks

Notes

Appendix A. Entropy

Appendix B. Why it is not so that there is nothing?

Appendix C. The space of the universe, 4th dimension, and time and redshift

Appendix D. Ultimate reality

Appendix E. What can be stated from the universe already by logic?

Appendix F. Biology. The life in the space

Appendix G. Theology, the relation of God and Universe

Appendix H. Cosmology, Creation and Evolution

This philosophical essay and a proposition for model of the universe is developed in the Internet forums[1] in dialog with other interested scholars and amateurs. Beginning of the initial invention that the accelerating going away of the galaxies from the eyes of the observer happens because of the infinite – no edge – property of the universe[2] . It does not follow from the expansion of the space itself as the Big Bang- theory (BB)[3] concludes and supposes. No one has been able to deny this proposal; only when based on the BB itself. No outside proof exists to refute the idea.

After that we have got in the discussions many other philosophical ideas. Most important is to make a strict difference between the local universe and the whole universe and handle them separately first. And abandon the concept of an observable universe for a while. The observable universe is nothing that exists in the reality, it depends of our capacities of observation. And we can know more than we observe, because we can make same conclusions from all that we already know to the local universe and to the whole universe, which are theoretically exact things existing in the reality.

It is a fallacy, that we can form a theory primarily or only from the observations. That kind of erroneous thinking comes from the empirical and naturalistic philosophy, which prevails in the academies. The science is not empirical or rational but both. Models and observations in the science go after each other eternally until the truth - the best possible map of the facts in the scientific community[4] - is achieved some future day in the extremely far future, if ever.

We know from the astronomy, that the galaxies form groups and chains and this is how the universe looks like in a noticeably big area. How long, we do not know. What is farther away is only a hypothesis, and it is different in Steady State theory (QSSC), in Multiverse- theories, in Dynamic Universe- theory (DU), in this theory (M-34DU), and in other theories[5] . And besides galaxies and stars there are almost void areas too. And black holes in the galaxies.

The whole universe might be like this: galaxies in chains in an eternal universe. This is one way of interpreting the data we have. We can really say that the modern astronomy has already solved

the main problem of the cosmology: which kind of universe we have there in the space?[6] This is one way to think how things are there.

This proposed model now states differently as others, that this situation prevails eternally and everywhere. This is the Steady State of the universe: galaxies everywhere.

There is always some ultimate basic way how the things are, an ultimate reality. This might be so that in the case of the universe we do not have to go and seek farther than the chains of the galaxies. (And in the case of matter and energy it may be so, that they too have always existed, we do not have to seek any beginning of the matter and energy.)

The Multiverse theory normally states that our universe of galaxies is only one of many similar universes in the infinite multiverse and may be so on and so on still farther. But it is also possible that it stops here, that this situation of chains of galaxies is already the ultimate Steady State. And it has not any beginning as in BB. This situation has always been like this and is everywhere like this.

This way of thinking is possible only if there are also eternally sometimes somewhere big and small explosions. Local Bangs, Multi Bangs. This is a simple solution to all the main problems of the cosmology, even when this is only a theory in the philosophical level, and it is not sure that this is the right one. Some other theory might of course be still better. And this is not a thoroughly formulated physical- mathematical theory, which needs time (movement) and space and matter and energy and forces all together in an exact form. And as has been said, differently for the whole and for local universes. This philosophical theory can be put in mathematical form, as any other philosophical, cognitive, verbal theory of the physics of the universe.

But it can be said, and this is amazing, that the whole philosophy and theology is ready as far as it can be understood nowadays. One can disagree, but this is the best of the alternatives. And from this philosophical theory follows some hypothesis that can be tested in astronomy. In normal Multiverse- theory it is not possible. The other “universes”, in fact only part- universes, are not visible there. Some of the local universes are visible if this theory is near the right one.

Big explosions will be seen in the astronomy in the very moment an astronomer starts to think that way. Or this model is wrong. But the truth is that every star and celestial body is from some explosion. So, the LambdaCDM- model, the prevailing BB- model, is going still more to wrong direction when it abandons the explosion[7] .

And there is no need for the beginning of the universe because it can be eternal. The beginning comes because there is supposed time for the universe; time, that is not eternal.

And there is no need for the expansion of the space, because it is possible that it has always been as big as now. The expansion comes because of one interpretation of the redshift, by the expansion of the space. Circular interpretation if used to prove the BB. There is a better interpretation by the other properties of the space. And interpretations by different understanding of the redshift.

In the Appendixes A-G is collected all the other achieved thoughts of the cosmology, answers to some critics and some profounder understandings.

[1] https://www.tiede.fi/keskustelu/77392/filosofiaa-mitka-ovat-kosmologian-ikuiset-kysymykset and Suomi24 filosofia and tähtitiede (astronomy). https://keskustelu.suomi24.fi and in some international forums. Also, in the ACG, A Cosmology Group, http://cosmology.info

[2] OS: Filosofia, 1986. OS: Maailmankatsomusta etsimässä. 1994. www.santavuori.com